THIS IS A ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CLASS: This Assignement was answered but after r

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THIS IS A ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CLASS:

This Assignement was answered but after running it through Turnitin it showed 98% PLAGIARISM AND THIS ASSIGNMENT ANSWERS WAS SUBMITTED BY ANOTHER STUDENT. CAN YOU PLEASE REWRITE THIS ASSIGNEMNT SHOWING NO SIMILARITY OR PLAGIARISM FREE!!

Wk3 - Type IP Unit Energy Assignment was answered but this assignment is showing 98% similar to Newcast student paper.

I have requested that this assignment Environmental Plagiarism Free Assignment with proper Web resources, other credible references Wk 3 - Instructions: Type: Individual Project Unit: Energy You will prepare an APA-style research paper to discuss energy topics, as follows: In your own words, describe the laws of thermodynamics. Explain how these scientific laws apply to energy use, energy conversions, and the need for energy efficiency. Describe the pros and cons of the following energy types, writing 1 paragraph for each: Fossil fuel: Oil, natural gas, and coal Nuclear energy Solar energy Wind power Water (hydro) power Bioconversion (biofuel) Research and describe 2 provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Describe each provision, and provide your opinion about how each provision helps the United States meet energy use goals.

Expert Answer Question: Describe the laws of thermodynamics. Explain how these scientific laws apply to energy use, energy conversions, and the need for energy efficiency.

Introduction:

System or Surroundings

In order to avoid confusion, scientists discuss thermodynamic values in reference to a system and its surroundings. Everything that is not a part of the system constitutes its surroundings. The system and surroundings are separated by a boundary. For example, if the system is one mole of a gas in a container, then the boundary is simply the inner wall of the container itself. Everything outside of the boundary is considered the surroundings, which would include the container itself.

The boundary must be clearly defined, so one can clearly say whether a given part of the world is in the system or in the surroundings. If matter is not able to pass across the boundary, then the system is said to be closed; otherwise, it is open. A closed system may still exchange energy with the surroundings unless the system is an isolated one, in which case neither matter nor energy can pass across the boundary.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or changed from one form to another. For example, turning on a light would seem to produce energy; however, it is electrical energy that is converted.

A way of expressing the first law of thermodynamics is that any change in the internal energy (E) of a system is given by the sum of the heat (q) that flows across its boundaries and the work (w) done on the system by the surroundings: E=q+w

This law says that there are two kinds of processes, heat and work, that can lead to a change in the internal energy of a system. Since both heat and work can be measured and quantified, this is the same as saying that any change in the energy of a system must result in a corresponding change in the energy of the surroundings outside the system. In other words, energy cannot be created or destroyed.

If heat flows into a system or the surroundings do work on it, the internal energy increases and the sign of q and w are positive. Conversely, heat flow out of the system or work done by the system (on the surroundings) will be at the expense of the internal energy, and q and w will therefore be negative.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system always increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the state of maximum entropy of the system. Simply put: the entropy of the universe (the ultimate isolated system) only increases and never decreases.

A simple way to think of the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if not cleaned and tidied, will invariably become more messy and disorderly with time - regardless of how careful one is to keep it clean.

When the room is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but the effort to clean it has resulted in an increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds the entropy lost.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance(perfect order) at absolute zero temperature is zero. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy.

Explanation / Answer

Laws of Thermodynamics

Interactions of energy at system boundary is governed by certain laws. There are 4 basic laws in classical thermodynamics. These are: Zeroth law, first law, second law and third law of thermodynamics. Apart from these laws, there is another law applied to irreversible thermodynamics developed by Onsagar in the year 1957. This law is termed as fourth law of thermodynamics.

Table presents the laws of thermodynamics along with the scientists associated with their invention and year of invention.

Thermodynamic Laws

Scientists/Researchers

Year

Zeroth Law

Fowler and Guggenheim

1939

First Law

Joule, Mayer, Thompson and Colding

1845

Second Law

Carnot

1824

Third Law

Nernst

1907

Fourth Law

Onsagar

1968

Simple and most direct statement of the first law of thermodynamics is that energy is conserved. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.

For a thermodynamic process with heat and work interaction the expression is given by dQ = dU + dW

where E, Q, and W are the energy stored in the system, heat and work interacting at the system boundary, respectively.

Second Law of Thermodynamics

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is commonly known as the Law of Increased Entropy. While quantity remains the same (First Law), the quality of matter/energy deteriorates gradually over time. How so? Usable energy is inevitably used for productivity, growth and repair. In the process, usable energy is converted into unusable energy. Thus, usable energy is irretrievably lost in the form of unusable energy.

"Entropy" is defined as a measure of unusable energy within a closed or isolated system (the universe for example). As usable energy decreases and unusable energy increases, "entropy" increases. Entropy is also a gauge of randomness or chaos within a closed system. As usable energy is irretrievably lost, disorganization, randomness and chaos increase.

Third Law of Thermodynamics

The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.