Chapter 13 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY AMONG THE MICROBES BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTIST

Question

Chapter 13 EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY AMONG THE MICROBES BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTISTS, AND VIRUSES: THE UNSEEN WORLD Learning objectives Explain how microbes are different from other groups of organisms Describe the typical structures of a bacterial cell and their functions Characterize the various methods of lateral gene transfer in bacteria Discuss the role of normal flora in the body and probiotic therapy Describe concerns related to pathogenic bacteria Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and measures humans can take to reduce the proliferation of resistant bacteria Characterize the features of the major groups of sexually transmitted diseases Compare and contrast the features of archaea with bacteria and eukaryotes Describe the features of protists and differentiate between the three major groups of protists Describe the process of viral infection and replication Understand the concerns with certain viruses being able to cross species boundaries to cause infection. Explain the life cycle of the HIV virus Chapter outline I. There Are Microbes in All Three Domains are found just about everywhere, tend not to think about them much because we cannot see them. Unlike other groups of organisms that are categorized by their evolutionary relatedness, the primary criterion that distinguishes microbes from other groups of organisms is Microbes are among some of the most evolutionarily successful organisms for the reasons: 1. Microbes are genetically diverse. Approximately species of microbes are thought to exist.

Explanation / Answer

1. The number of microbes existing is approximately is 107 to 109.

2.

Bacterial shapes:

1. Coccus ------ spherical shaped

2. Bacillus ------ rod shaped

3. Spiral -------- twisted

Answers for the diagrams:

1. Transformation. 2. Conjugation. 3. Transduction

Conjugation : It is the process of transfer of genetic material between the bacterial cells by direct cell to cell contact bridge like connection between the two cells called as conjugation tube.

Transformation : It is a process in which the exogenous genetic material is introduced into a bacterial cell.

Transduction : It is a process in which a foreign DNA is introduced into the bacterial cell by a virus or by a viral vector.

These organisms derive their energy for food synthesis from light and are capable of using carbon dioxide as carbon source.

Role of Cyanobacteria in oxygen revolution:

The oxygen present in the earths atmosphere is generated by numerous Cyanobacteria. They release oxygen as biproduct of their photosynthesis. Early Cyanobacteria released oxygen, reacted with dissolved iron ions, precipitated as iron oxide.

Bacteria prokaryotes Protests Eukaryotes Viruses Eukaryotes Archaea Prokaryotes

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