Discuss two of the following statements. The Human Relations Movement. Discuss t

Question

Discuss two of the following statements.




The Human Relations Movement. Discuss the Hawthorne Experiment and its implications as a legacy in the workplace; compare and contrast McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y assumptions about employees, and any personal experiences you have had with Theory X & Y managers, and which you prefer and why.

The Total Quality Management Movement. Explain the managerial significance of Deming"s "85-15 rule," and identify the Four Principles of Total Quality Management (TQM). Also explain the Contingency Approach to Management and compare and contrast human and social capital, and the impacts of positive organizational behavior (POB) as a field in the practice of management.

Define the term e-business, and explain at least three practical lessons about effective e-leadership in a virtual organization.

Explanation / Answer

Human relations movement refers to the researchers of organizational development who study the behavior of people in groups, in particular workplace groups. It originated in the 1930s' Hawthorne studies, which examined the effects of social relations, motivation and employee satisfaction on factory productivity. The movement viewed workers in terms of their psychology and fit with companies, rather than as interchangeable parts. "The hallmark of human-relation theories is the primacy given to organizations as human cooperative systems rather than mechanical contraptions." George Elton Mayo stressed the following: Natural groups, in which social aspects take precedence over functional organizational structures. Upwards communication, by which communication is two way, from worker to chief executive, as well as vice versa. Cohesive and good leadership is needed to communicate goals and to ensure effective and coherent decision making. It has become a concern of many companies to improve the job-oriented interpersonal skills of employees. The teaching of these skills to employees is referred to as "soft skills" training. Companies need their employees to be able to successfully communicate and convey information, to be able to interpret others' emotions, to be open to others' feelings, and to be able to solve conflicts and arrive at resolutions. By acquiring these skills, the employees, those in management positions, and the customer can maintain more compatible relationships.[2] Institutes where human relations are studied include: The Tavistock Institute, co-publishers of the Human Relations journal; The NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science; The Oasis School of Human Relations, Masters Degree in Globally Responsible Leadership (Oasis Press publishes human relations books and manuals); Trevecca Nazarene University, Bachelors Degree in Management and Human Relations for working adults; The University of Oklahoma offers a Bachelor of Arts in Human Relations, as well as a Master of Human Relations; Concordia University (Montreal, Canada) Offers a Bachelor of Arts in Human Relations, as well as a Master of Human Systems Intervention E-business involves business processes spanning the entire value chain: electronic purchasing and supply chain management, processing orders electronically, handling customer service, and cooperating with business partners. Special technical standards for e-business facilitate the exchange of data between companies. E-business software solutions allow the integration of intra and inter firm business processes. E-business can be conducted using the Web, the Internet, intranets, extranets, or some combination of these. Basically, electronic commerce (EC) is the process of buying, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information via computer networks, including the internet. EC can also be beneficial from many perspectives including business process, service, learning, collaborative, community. EC is often confused with e-business.

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