D0g9, Spring, 2018. The answers must be complete to achieve credit. These are co
ID: 3165819 • Letter: D
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D0g9, Spring, 2018. The answers must be complete to achieve credit. These are comprehensive essay questions, not short answer questions I. Draw and explain Figure 11-14, which is about the lipid bilayer and lipid movement 2. Define: proein, enzyme, nucleotide, DNA.RNA unsaturated fatty acid, amino acid (draw one also),lipid bilayer Gell, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, intracellular, extracellular, cell comex, cysosol, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, ransmembrane protein, and glycerol (also draw), hydrogen bond, ion, transcytiosis, autophagy 3) Describe and explain in detail the sodium/potassium pump. Include how it functions, what energy is consumed, resuilting gradient is used for, how quickly it works.. . Be sare to include the effect on membrane the related potassium leak channels, and what is actually going on with the sodi um and potassium levels in the associaled electric charge, 4. Desonibe and explain osmosis. Give examples such as what would happen if 5 Whut does it mean when I (Charlie) say that cells are like carucitors? What does it mean w 6. Eaplain dhe process of "sugaring" of lipids and proseins. Additsionally, include where it occurs and how it is that it appears on 7. Describe and explain in detail electrochemical gradients including examples of the movement of ions. Contrast this with 8 9 Botdh compschensively and in detail, esplain intracelular vesicular traic and membrane distribution/redistribution within the 10. How do proteins, encoded by genes located in the nuclcus,. get made, processed, delivered, and transported across the hen I say they are like batteries? (Be sure to clcarly define both of these terms and then relate them to cells. Include how cells get their charge.) uncharged molecules. Inclade what such gradients are used for. Describe and explain the ATPIADP transpont across the mitochondrial inner membrane as covered in class and found in the energy harvesting chapter. Include what powers it. It is found on pape Figure 14-18. (antipon/clectrogenic) endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. membranes of mitochondria? What determines or directs these proteins to the mitochondria? Also include all additional 11. How, when and where do the transmembrane protcins of the plasma membrane get imbedded into the membrane, and how do 12. What determines if a protein is trafficked to the nacleus? Why do proteins of the same type sometimes get trafficked and relevant information learned from the chapter they get to the plasma membrane (their path). ohor tines simply reside in the cytosol? Describe the transpont syiem inclading what powers it. Include the information found in figures 15-09 and 15.10 Describe and explained the complete details of the LDL. transport sysicm as shown in Figure 15-33 and explained in the text. Isclude whatever other information that was discussed in class. 14, Whar is the constitutive exocytosis pathway? e the secretory or regulated exocytosis pathway,also including tbhe regulation and coestrol of molecular packaging of 16. Figure 15-35 is one on lysosomes. Draw and describe the anatomy and 17 Describe and explai physiology of a lysosome n the formation, specific packaging. movement and fusion of vesiclesExplanation / Answer
15. Exocytosis also known as the secretory pathway is the process by which molecules are secreted or released to the outside of the cell. Proteins can be secreted from animal cells by either a constitutive or a regulated secretory pathway.
- Regulated secretion occurs in response to specific conditions such as signals or biochemical triggers, and is the process underlying the release of cytokines, hormones, neurotransmitters, and histamine. In regulated secretion, molecules are first packaged into immature vesicles that constitutively bud from the trans-Golgi network, and upon receiving the appropriate stimuli, matures into secretory vesicles located near the plasma membrane. Regulated secretion is typically controlled by external signals transduced via cell surface receptors.
- A very good example of regulated secretion in mammals is the process of release of insulin by ? cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in response to variations in blood glucose concentration.
17. Vesicle formation begins with the recruitment of specialized sorting adaptors and coat proteins and which are involved in cargo selection and vesicle budding. Coat recruitment GTPases such as Arf or Sar1 facilitates the recruitment of coat proteins to the membrane.
- Cargo is selected and incorporated into budding vesicles through sorting signals present in its amino acid sequence which is in turn recognized by specific consensus sequences present in coat proteins and sorting adaptors.
- For example, in case of COPI and COPII coated vesicles, cargo binds directly to these coat proteins. Cargo to be packaged into clathrin-coated vesicles binds to clathrin indirectly through the use of sorting adaptors. The use of different coat proteins and sorting adaptors allows cells to recognize and select different cargo and package it into vesicles destined for the right location.
- James Rothman and his colleagues first identified and proposed a general model, called the SNARE hypothesis, in which vesicle fusion is mediated by interactions between specific pairs of proteins, called SNAREs, on the vesicle and target membranes. The fusion of a transport vesicle with its target involves two types of events. First, the transport vesicle must specifically recognize the correct target membrane; for example, a vesicle carrying lysosomal enzymes has to deliver its cargo only to lysosomes. Second, the vesicle and target membranes must fuse, thereby delivering the contents of the vesicle to the target organelle. Vesicle fusion is mediated by binding between specific pairs of v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs on the vesicle and target membranes, respectively.
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