What is the precedence effect? How was it studied by Wallach, Newman, and Rosenz

Question

What is the precedence effect? How was it studied by Wallach, Newman, and Rosenzweig (1949)? Describe the procedure used by Stellmack et al. (1999) to derive source and echo weights. What did they learn about the influence of source as the echo delay was lengthened from 1-256 ms for conditions in which judgments were to be based on echo interaural differences of time? What did they learn about the influence of the echo as the echo delay was lengthened from 1-256 ms for conditions in which judgments were to be based on source interaural differences of time? What did they learn about the relative difficulty of judging leading and lagging events as echo delays were lengthened beyond 8 ms?

Explanation / Answer

The precedence effect is the set of phenomena in space for hearing.If a sound is followed by other sound or multiple sounds and their time delay delay separatio is very short then the listener or observer accepts a single fused sound.The sound which reaches first to the listener is the dominating sound.

Wallach, Newman and Rosenzweig explained it by their experiments.Fusion occurred when the lag between the two sounds was in the range 1 to 5 ms.When the time lag was longer, the second sound was heard as an echo.

Procedure by stellmack et al. was correlational analysis that was used assess the relative weight given to the interaural differences of time (IDTs) of source and echo clicks .It is an extension of descriptive model that allows the quantitative prediction of lead–lag discrimination data from localization dominance data.

In three different experimental conditions, listeners were instructed to discriminate the IDT of the source, the IDT of the echo, or the difference between the IDTs of the source and echo. The IDT of the target click was chosen randomly and independently from trial-to-trial from a Gaussian distribution. The IDT of the nontarget click was either fixed at 0 microsecond or varied in the same manner as the IDT of the target. The data show that for echo delays of 8 ms or less, greater weight was given to the IDT of the source than to that of the echo in all experimental conditions. For echo delays from 16-64 ms, the IDT of the echo was weighted slightly more than that of the source and the weights accounted for a greater proportion of the responses when the echo was the target, indicating that the binaural information in the echo was dominant over the binaural information in the source. The data suggested the possibility that for echo delays from 8-32 ms, listeners were unable to resolve the temporal order of the source and echo IDTs. Listeners were able to weight the binaural information in the source and echo appropriately for a given task only when the echo delay was 128 ms or greater.

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