BiIO 201: CHAPTER 2, CHEMICAL & CHAPTER 3, CELLULAR READING GUIDE which is a for
ID: 3507578 • Letter: B
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BiIO 201: CHAPTER 2, CHEMICAL & CHAPTER 3, CELLULAR READING GUIDE which is a formation of a linear chain of , which is specific to 20 kinds of amino acids 13. Protein synthesis takes place through aclds. The amino acids are provided by 14. If a mRNA codon is UUA, the anticodon is 15. If a DNA template strand is CGG, the mRNA codon is and the amino acid is , and the amino acid is 16. Briefly describe the three process of translation a. Initiation: b. Elongation: c. Termination: is a passive transport mechanism that assists membrane passage. It aids in the The net movement of a substance will goes from a 18. What are the 5 important factors that influence diffusion rates? of the plasma membrane which allows substances to enter and leave the cytoplasm to _ concentration. _ _ 1. 2- 3- 4- 5- 19. Which molecules can undergo simple diffusion? 20. Define osmolarity and tonicityExplanation / Answer
13. Protein synthesis takes place through polymerisation, which is a formation of linear chain of amino acids.
The amino acids are provided by codons,which is specific to 20 kinds of amino acids.
14. If mRNA codon is UUA, the anticodon is AAU and the amino acid is leucine.
15. If a DNA template strand is CGG, the mRNA codon is GCC and the amino acid is arginine.
16. Translation of mRNA occurs in ribosome.
a. Initiation- The AUG closest to the 5' end of mRNA molecule is the signal for start codon.
During initiation, small ribosomal subunit binds to the start of mRNA sequence, then transfer RNA
carrying amino acid methionine binds to start codon, then the large subunit binds to form the intiation complex,
thus establishing the reading frame in groups of three non-overlapping nucleotides.
b. Elongation- During elongation, the ribosome reads each codon, adding corresponding aminoacyl transfer
RNA's. The corresponding amino acids are linked through peptide bonds. A peptide bond is formed between
two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with amino group of other molecule releasing a
molecule of water, also called dehydration reaction.
c. Termination- When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the transfer RNA is not able to recognise the codon,
and the ribosome terminates the process of translation. These stop codons are read by release factors which
bind to the apparatus and release the newly synthesised protein.
17. Facilitated diffusion is a passive transport mechanism that assists membrane passage. It aids in the
hydrophilic permeability of the plasma membrane which allows substances to enter and leave the cytoplasm.
The net movement of substance goes from higher to lower concentration.
18. Factors that infuence diffusion rates-
1.Temperature- As temperature increases the average kinetic energy of particles increase.
2. Density of substance diffusing- Higher density regions have increased diffusion rates since increased number
of particles leads to increased chances of collisions .
3.Medium of diffusion- Increased number of particles in the medium causes redused rate of diffusion due to
collision between diffusing particles and medium.
4.Concentration gradient- Higher concentration gradient leads to higher diffusion rates.
5.Surface area- Larger the area over which diffusion can occur, larger the rate of diffusion.
19. Molecules which can undergo simple diffusion without assistance are :
a)water,
b)oxygen,
c)carbon dioxide,
d)ethanol
e)urea.
20.Osmolarity is the concentration of solution defined as the number of solutes per litre.
Tonicity is the relative concentration of solutes in solution which determines the direction and extent of diffusion
through a semi permeable membrane.
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