Chapter 15: Nuclear Power (Environmental Science) 1. Describe how energy is prod
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Question
Chapter 15: Nuclear Power (Environmental Science)
1. Describe how energy is produced in a nuclear reaction. Distinguish between fission and fusion.
2. What are the four generations of nuclear reactors? Describe the advantages of Generations III and IV.
Chapter 17: Environmental Hazards and Human Health (Environmental Science)
1. What are the four main categories of human environmental hazards? Give examples of each.
Chapter 18: Global Climate Change (Environmental Science)
1. Provide a brief synopsis of global climate change. What are the main issues and trends?
2. What has been discovered about global climate trends in the past? How do contemporary trends relate to past records?
Chapter 19: Atmospheric Pollution (Environmental Science)
1. Describe the origins of industrial smog, photochemical smog, and atmospheric brown clouds. What are the differences in the cause and appearance of each?
2. Describe the international efforts that are currently in place to protect our ozone shield. What evidence is there that such efforts have been effective?
Chapter 20: Water Pollution and Its Prevention (Environmental Science)
1. Name and describe three methods of treating raw sludge and give the end product(s) that may be produced from each method.
2. Describe the TMDL program. How does it address source pollution, and what role do water quality criteria play in the program?
Chapter 21: Municipal Solid Waste (Environmental Science)
1. What are the major problems of placing waste in landfills? How can those problems be managed?
2. What materials are most commonly recycled? Describe how that is done.
Chapter 11: Stewards of Creation (Biology)
1. Explain some ways in which secularism and materialism have contributed to human exploitation of the earth.
2. Cite some examples of how greed and pride lead to environmental p
Explanation / Answer
chapter 15
1. nuclear energy is the energy which is stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through among any of these i.e radioactivity, fission reactions, and fussion reaction. here in this process a small amount of mass is converted to energy according to the relationship E=mc2 , where E is energy, m is mass & c is speed of light.
the release of nuclear energy is associated with changes from less stable to more stable nuclei and produces more energy for a given mass of fuel than any source of energy.in fussion reaction, a fissionable nucleus absorbs a neutron , becomes unstable and split into two nearly equal nuclei. in fussion reaction , two nuclei get combined to form a single & heavier nucleus. the more stable nuclei , those with the highest binding energies per nucleon holding their components togeather , are in the middle range of atomic mass, with the maximum stability at weight near 60, therefore fission produces two lighter nuclei , occur for very heavy nuclei, while fussion occur for the lightest nuclei
2 the 4 generation of reactor are:-
a. generation 1- it refer to the prototype reactors that launvhed civil nuclear power. this generation consists of early prototype reactors from the 1950 and 1960, such as shippingport ( 1957-1982) in pennsylvania dresden 1 (1960-1978) in United kingdom.this kind of reactor typically ran at power levels that were proof of concepts . in united states , generation 1 reactor are regulated by the nuclear regulatory commisiion (NRC) pursuant to title 10, code of federal regulations , part 50 (10 CFR part 50). the only running gen 1 reactor is commercial gen 1 plant , the wylfa nuclear station in wales .
b. gen 2 to a class of commercial reactors designed to be economically and reliable. designed for a typical operation lifetime of 40 yrs , prototypical gen 2 reactor include pressurized water reactor , CANada deuterium uranium reactor ( CANDU), Boiling water reactor , advanced gas cooled reactor and vodo- vodyanoi energetichesky reactor (VVER). gen 2 reactor in the united states are regulated by the NRC pursuant to 10 CFR part 50. Gen 2 system began operation in late 1960 and comprise the bulk of the world 400+ commercial PWR & BWR, These reactors typically refered to as light water reactor.
c. generation 3 nuclear reactor are essentially gen 2 reactor with evolutionary , state of the art designed improvements . these improvements are in the areas of fuel technology , thermal efficiency , modularized construction , safety systems and standard designed, improvement in gen 3 reactor technology have aimed at a longer operation life, typically 60 yrs , prior to complete overhaul and reactor pressure vessel replacement. confirmatory research to investigate nuclear power plant aging beyond 60 yrs in need to allow these reactor to operate over such extended life - time. unlike gen 1 & 2 & 3 reactor are regulated by NRC regulation based on 10 CFR part 52.
d. generation 4 system include full actinide recycling and on site fuel cycle facilites based on advantage aqeous , pyrometallurgical , or other dry processing option . these reactor are two to four decades away , althrough some design could be available within a decades . as in the case of gen 3 design in the united states , gen 4 must be certified by NRC pursuant to 10 CFR part 52 based on updated regulation.
chapter 17
a. four main categories of human environmental hazards are
1. cultural hazards are hazards that a person basically cause themselves by chossing negative way or throughts . over eating can cause an extreme can cause obesity and other health problems.
ex-Diet/nutrition, lifestyle choices, crime
2.biological hazards are parasites and infectious diseases . disease that caused and carried out by parasites like mosquitoes that can carry disease , even they can transfer the disease to other human also.
ex- Bacteria, virus, molds
3. physical hazards of the environments are natural disasters like hurricanes , tornados and typhoons. some of tehse hazards cant be changed or alleviated .
ex- Temperature, noise/vibrations
4. chemical hazards are caused by the many manufacturing of mabn made products by way of chemical change , product like paper and plastic both produce toxic material that is harm ful to human.
ex- Solvents, acids, pesticides
chapter 18
a. The main issues are that we are all being made to pay extra tax in the vain hope that tax will stop the natural phenomena of emerging from the last ice age. The trend is that, far from warming up, the world is very very slowly cooling down, the magma in the earths centre is shrinking rapidly , hence the tectonic plates are moving more and the world is shrinking ever so rare slightly, Son of Krakatoa is due to erupt, as is the caldera of Yellowstone park, which, if sorry, WHEN it goes, it will take 90% of North America along with it, Iceland`s area is growing faster than ever because of the eruptions more tsunami in the last 5 years than in the previous 30, more earthquakes etc
b. Greenhouse gasses
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