Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a critical cycle of energy and matt

Question

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis form a critical cycle of energy and matter that supports the continued existence of life on earth. Describe the stages of cellular respiration and photosynthesis and their interaction and interdependence including raw materials, products, and amount of ATP or glucose produced during each phase. How is each linked to specific organelles within the eukaryotic cell. What has been the importance and significance of these processes and their cyclic interaction to the evolution and diversity of life?

Explanation / Answer

Cellular respiration
it is the set of processes and metabolic reactions which take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into Adenosine triphosphate , & then release waste products.

cellular respiration stages: oxidative phosphorylation ,citric acid cycle ,and glycolysis .

Glycolysis : the metabolic pathway in the cytoplasm which converts C6H12O6( glucose), into pyruvate, (CH3COCOO? + H+).
C6H12O6 + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 P >>>> 2 pyruvic acid, (CH3(C=O)COOH + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+

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afterwards pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA

The Citric Acid Cycle : The acetyl group of CoA is now completely degraded stepwise into hydrogen & carbon in the mitochondria by a eight reaction steps. the carbon atoms combine with O2 , forming CO2 which is moved out of body .Hydrogen atoms on the other hand are taken up by hydrogen-acceptor molecule
acetyl CoA + 3 NAD + FAD + ADP + HPO4-2 >>> 2 CO2 + CoA + 3 NADH+ + FADH+ + ATP

Electron Transport /Oxidative phosphorylation : oxidation of H2 is accomplished by another type of reaction in mitochondria called electron transport system

Oxidative phosphorylation : is metabolic pathway in which the mitochondria inside cells use their enzymes , structure and energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to reform adenosine triphosphate.

Significance of cellular respiration
energy is been provided for living organisms to perform necessary functions to maintain life.

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Photosynthesis
stages of photosyntesis: light-independent reactions and light-dependent reactions.

In such reaction, light energy from sun is used to split water which has been sucked in by plants through transpiration. H2O, when broken, makes hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons. These electrons move through structures in chloroplasts and by chemiosmosis, make adenosine triphosphate.

Light independent reaction : such reactions take the products (NADPH and ATP) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are 3 phases to the light-independent reactions, which are collectively called Calvin cycle

Significance of photosynthesis
process which makes big quantities of organic matter for sustaining the life on this earth

EVOLUTION of both process

Although most organisms depends on the aerobic pathway of cellular respiration to produce adenosine triphosphate, anaerobic ATP-producing pathways were the first to be evolved . When the Earth formed an estimated 4.5 billion years before present, its atmosphere was devoid of O2, consisting primarily of CO2, N2 gas,  hydrogen sulfide and water vapor. In this environment, the first simple cells,which is called prokaryotes, originated an estimated 3.6 billion years before present. Their fossils resemble certain prokaryotic algae that carry out photosynthesis. beacause 02 was lacking in their environment, those ancient cyanobacteria carried out an anaerobic pathway to produce adenosine triphosphate,. Other fossils, dated about a million years after, indicate that several types of anaerobic pathways, like as those found in modern archaebacteria, had evolved in various species of ancient cells.

For over a million years, the cyan bacteria were dominant life form on earth . Although their environment lacked O2, these ancient organisms produced 02 from water as a byproduct of photosynthesis, just like modern cyanobacteria and plants do. as time passes, the cyanobacteria released more and more O2 to the atmosphere  and oceans . Cells eventually evolved that could use aerobic pathways to generate adenosine triphosphate . Since because aerobic pathways yield more adenosine triphosphate than anaerobic pathways, these cells were able to grow larger and more complex. such complex cells, termed eukaryote cells,which appear in the fossil record approximately 2.1 billion years before present. They are the precursors of most fungi, algae, ,animals and plants, complex organisms with energy needs that only cellular respiration provides.

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