Answers these questions from the provided links of documents https://www.scribd.

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Answers these questions from the provided links of documents

https://www.scribd.com/document/325290651/Brodkin-How-Jews-Became-White

https://www.scribd.com/document/325290679/Ray-Science-Social-Constructionism

https://www.scribd.com/document/325290680/zuberi

1) What is especially unique, and what is NOT unique, about the form of slavery that was practice in the Americas since colonization by Europeans? Cite two of this week’s articles in your answer.

2)    2) Zuberi mentions how by 1914, most of Africa had been colonized by Europe. Many brutalities and atrocities were committed as African labor and resources were plundered. At the same time, this was a period when “democracy” was celebrated as a universal good by most countries in Europe and the U.S. A system of racial classification where some human beings are declared racially superior and some inferior flies in the face of democratic ideals. So, how was this racism justified in the early 1900s? Give specific ways in which whites tried to justify a racist power structure, both by religious notions and by “scientific” arguments.

3)    3) Rashawn Ray explains how “race” is a social construct that was “invented” in the 1700s. Discuss how there is no biological or genetic basis for race, but how at the same time, the racial systems we have created have real consequences for individuals.

4 4) Carefully explain the difference between race and ethnicity. What did early taxonomists like Linnaeus used to think was the biological basis for race, and what is evidence that fundamentally disproves this theory? (If you choose to answer this question, you cannot also choose #3).

5)    5) Briefly trace the history of how Jews in the U.S. “became white.” How were Jews able to achieve “white” status, and at whose expense? What does this say about the racial structure of the United States? To what degree would you say this racial system has changed or evolved since this historical example about Jewish assimilation? How do you interpret the larger implications of this article? Is whiteness just a state of mind, a material thing, or something else?

Explanation / Answer

1. Although slavery trade was common in Europe before the Transatlantic slave trade, But this slavery was unique in the way because these slaves were associated with race or colour. Before that slaves could be black could be black, white, Christian, Muslims. In these slave tradery africans were used due to their availability in large numbers. The transatlantic slave tradery was prevalent in US about 1619-1865 which led to the death of 20 million Africans. Approximately 8 million Africans died because during their Middle passage voyage from Africa to America. These slaves were handcuffed and were exposed to extreme conditions like starvation and unhygienic conditions which lead to their death.

2. White people think that they are superior to other people in terms of certain characteristic or trait so they should rule the non white people this led to the concept of white supremacy. In the earlier twentieth a scientific work by Gregor Mendel claims that intermarriage between far apart races could lead to genetic disharmony. Although these claims were latter disapproved but they play a certain role in racial discrimination. Also some scientists conclude that some races are less developed in cognitive or behavioral traits. Also these white people justified that there is also mentions of cases in bible also so there is nothing wrong in that.. All these factors led to racial discrimination.

3.Each person is different from each other. Some people are white some are black. But some people use them as to discriminate them like Africans were discriminated on the basis of the skin colour by the European. These white people thought themselves superior whereas the black people inferior. On the basis of racial discrimination these black African had to tolerate atrocities like starvation, confinement by the white people, extreme working conditions.

4. Race refers to distincnt structure of person like skin colour, eyes, bone structure etc whereas ethnicity includes nationality, cultural, religion. ancestory and language.

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