Respond to the following questions. Your answers should not be more than one par

Question

Respond to the following questions. Your answers should not be more than one paragraph each. The purpose of this assignment is to determine your understanding of the integumentary system. Make sure that your answers are complete, in your own words, and that they demonstrate understanding, of the information covered. Your responses should be written in complete sentences.
Explain the purpose of the subcutaneous layer of skin.

Describe the four (4) accessory organs and the purpose of each.
Explain the function of the skin in the regulation of body temperature.
Describe the events that are part of wound healing including the four (4) symptoms and the causes of each.


integumentary System Don't miss this! One of the larger and The Skin more versatile organs of the body, the skin is vital na In addition to providing a protective covering, the skin helps regulate body temperature, retards water loss from deeper issues, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes various biochemicals, and excretes small quantities of wastes. Certain skin cells (keratinocytes) assist the immune system by producing hormone- ke substances that stimulate development of certain white blood cells lymphocytes). These cells defend against infection by disease-causing bacteria and viruses The skin includes two distinct layers. The outer layer, called the epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. The inner layer, or dermis, is thicker than the epidermis, and it includes connective tissue consisting of collagenous and elastic fibers, epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood. A basement membrane anchors the epidermis to the dermis and separates these two skin layers. Because the epidermis is composed of stratied squamous epithelium, it acks blood vessel However, the deepest layer of epidemmal cels, called the stratum basale is close to the dermis and is nourished by dermal blood vessels. As the cells of this layer divide and grow, the older epidermal cells are pushed away from the dermis toward the skin surface, the farther the cells move, the poorer their nutrient supply becomes, and in time, they die The older cells (keratinocytes) harden in a process called keratinization. The cytoplasm fills with strands of a tough, fibrous, water-proof keratin protein. As a result, many layers of tough, tightly packed dead cells accumulate in the outermost epidermis, forming a layer called the stratum comeum. Dead cells that compose it are eventually shed. Specialized cells in the epidermis called melanocytes produce melanin, a dark pigment that provides skin color, Melanin absorbs ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, preventing mutations in the DNA of skin cells and other damaging effects. Melanocytes lie in the deepest portion of the epidermis Dermis The dermis binds the epidermis to underlying tissues Epidermal ridges and dermal papilae cause the border to be uneven. The dermis consists of connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers within a gellike ground substance The boundary between the epidermis and dermis is uneven because epidermal ridges project inward and conical projections of dermis, called dermal papilae, extend into the spaces between the ridges. Dermal papillae can be found in skin all over the body, but they are most abundant in the hands and feet. Fingerprints form from these undulatons of the skin at the distal end of the palmar surface of a finger. Genes determine fingerprint pattems, but the patters can change slightly as a fetus moves and presses the forming ridges against the uterine wall. For this reason, even the fingerprints ofidentical twins are not exactly alike.

Explanation / Answer

The subcutaneous layer of the skin is a layer of tissue immediately below the dermis of the skin.It is mainly used for storage of fat. It contains loose connective tissue and lobules of fat and the blood vessels and nerves are larger than the ones found in the dermis. It also protects the muscles and bones during a fall or when when the body is hit.It acts as a passage way for the blood vessels and nerves from the dermis of the skin into the muscles.

The four accessory organs are the hair, nails, sebaceous or oil glands and sudoriferous or sweat glands.

Nails protect the ends of fingers and toes. It also facilitates grasp and manipulation of small objects.

Hair : Their function depends on the place they are present. On the scalp they help in protecting the scalp from solar radiation. In the eye brows and eye lashes they protect the eye from small dust particles and in the nostrils against inhalation of dust particles.

Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance SEBUM which helps the hair and skin from becoming too dry. It inhibits growth of certain bacteria.

Sweat glands regulate the Temperature of the body and also eliminate certain wastes from the body.

The skin is the body's Thermostat. It regulates the body temperature through blood vessels and through the process of sweating. In cold weather skin triggers shivering and so the blood vessels contract and keeps the body warm. If there is a heat wave Sweating occurs and blood flow increases in the capillaries which increases sweating. As the water evaporates the body cools down.

Wound healing involves a set of biochemical events set into motion to repair the damage.

Hemostasis or blood clotting starts within the first few moments when platelets in the in the blood stick to the injured site. Chemical signals are released which activates fibrin which like glue bind platelets and forms a clot to prevent further bleeding.

Inflammation clears damaged and dead cells along with bacteria and pathogens. The process is called phagocytosis.

Proliferation involves growth of new tissues. New blood vessels are formed, epithelial cells proliferate and crawl atop the wound bed, myofibroblasts decrease the size of wound.

Maturation and remodeling: collagen is realligned along tension lines and cells no longer needed are removed by programmed cell death or apopstasis.

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