Compare and contrast three types of ATP synthesis. Diagram the process of enzyma
ID: 91785 • Letter: C
Question
Compare and contrast three types of ATP synthesis. Diagram the process of enzymatic activity based on figure 5.6. Compare and contrast competitive, noncompetitive and feedback inhibition. Diagram glycolysis and cellular respiration including number of ATP synthesized by substrate level phosphorylation, number of NAD+ reduced, number of FAD+ reduced, number of CO_2 released per molecule of glucose. What is the primary use of the pentose phosphate pathway? What two concepts are important to understanding chemiosmosis, p. 141. List and describe four classes of carrier molecules. How does the point of entry for FADH_2 and NADH differ, and how does this affect the yield of ATP? How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration? Give several examples of final electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. Explain fermentation and contrast it with cellular respiration. Give several examples of fermentation products. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration. How does photosynthesis in eukaryotes differ from photosynthesis in prokaryotes?Explanation / Answer
1. ANS: 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation: In which involves the transfer of phosphate to ADP from another phosphorylated organic compound.
2. Oxidative phosphorylation: In which energy from redox reactions of respiration (described shortly) is used to attach inorganic phosphate to ADP.
3. Photophosphorylation: In which light energy is used to phosphorylate ADP with in organic phosphate.
2. ANS: Enzyme + substrate leads to a complex of enzyme substrate which leads to enzyme and product.
3. ANS: Competitive inhibitors compete with substrates to attach to active site. Noncompetitive inhibitors do not compete and just attach to a different area.
In competitive inhibition due to structural similarity between substrate and inhibitor sometimes inhibitor will bind to the active site of enzyme and inhibit the reaction.
Concentration gradient is the characteristic feature of competitive inhibition. If inhibitor concentration is more, then inhibitor suppresses the substrate and bind to active site and inhibit the reaction. Vise versa take place if substrate concentration is more than inhibitor. competition take place between inhibitor and substrate for active site that's why this type of inhibition is called competitive inhibition.
Feed back Inhibition: This inhibition mainly depends on product concentration, if product concentration is less, then only reactants converted to products. if product concentration is high reaction will be inhibited by inhibiting specific enzyme involved in that reaction.
4. ANS: Pyruvate is transported across the mitochondrial membrane and then converted to acetyl CoA (with the production of NADH and carbon dioxide). Acetyl CoA is then oxidized by a series of enzymes that make up a cyclical series of reactions known as the Krebs cycle (some textbooks refer to this as the citric acid cycle). During the Krebs cycle, electrons are removed from acetyl CoA and these electrons reduce more NAD+, along with another electron carrier, FAD.
5. ANS: The pentose phosphate pathway oxidizes glucose to make NADPH and other carbohydrates for biosynthesis. The major route for reduction of NADP to NADPH is the reaction of glucose6phosphate through two successive reactions. In the first, carbon 1 of glucose is oxidized from an aldol to an ester form (actually, an internal ester, called a lactone) by glucose6phosphate dehydrogenase. In the second reaction, the same carbon is further oxidized to CO 2 and released, leaving behind a 5carbon sugar, in a reaction catalyzed by 6phosphogluconolactonedehydrogenase. Both reactions reduce NADP to NADPH.
6. ANS: Chemiosmosis is the process of a molecule moving from high to low concentration, based on its charge and concentration inside a cell.
Chemiosmosis is a special type of diffusion that happens over the plasma membrane. Chemiosmosis not only takes concentration into consideration, but also electrical charge. Thus, chemiosmosis exclusively has to do with the movement of ions (charged atoms) across the plasma membrane.
During chemiosmosis, electron carriers like NADH and FADH donate electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons cause conformation changes in the shapes of the proteins to pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane.
7. ANS: Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration involves chemical reactions which take place in the cell to produce energy, which is needed for active processes.
Aerobic respiration takes place in the mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The chemical equation is C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water).
Anaerobic respiration The chemical equation is C6H12O6 ---> 2C3H6O3 (Glucose -> Lactic acid). The lactic acid then needs to be oxidised later to carbon dioxide and water afterwards to prevent it building up. This process requires oxygen and therefore following anaerobic respiration there is oxygen debt in the cell, as oxygen is needed to break down the lactic acid produced.
Please remind this note: Answering to many questions is against to CHEGG RULE, so I am answering 1- 7 questions.
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