I want the answer of these following questions asap........... my course is Path
ID: 96158 • Letter: I
Question
I want the answer of these following questions asap........... my course is Pathophysiology and the subject is Hormonal Disorders (Endocrine System):
I want the answer of these following questions asap........... my course is Pathophysiology and the subject is Hormonal Disorders (Endocrine System):
17-Discuss the stages of chronic renal failure.
18-Discuss the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure.
19-Identify dietary management of chronic renal failure.
20-Identify the muscle of micturation.
21-Describe the role the parasympathetic, sympathetic, and somatic nervous systems have in the control of bladder function.
22-Discuss the roles of the pontine micturation center and acetylcholine have on bladder function and urine control.
23-Identify the signs and symptoms of urine obstruction and retention.
24-Discuss bladder cancer including most common signs and symptoms and risk factors.
25-Describe the differences in stress, urge and overflow incontinence.
26-Explore the differences in spastic and flaccid bladder.
Explanation / Answer
17- First stage is the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products which is followed by the reduction in glomerular filtration rate. These are followed by acidosis, sodium retention, and sodium wasting which leads to glomerular, tubular, and endocrine malfunctioning. Finally there is an abnormality in the excretion of end products of metabolism, flusing out of electrolytes and water along with disturbed secretion of hormones.
18-Fatigue, anorexia, edema, high BP, hematuria, proteinuria, polyuria, and infection in the urinary tract.
19-Dietary management revolves around restricted protein diet, proper consumption of calories, perfect fluid to urine volume ratio, and low phosphate diet.
20- Urethral spinchters
21-Urinary bladder and urethra are the main organs associated with micturition. Detrusor which is the main muscle of the bladder which is supplied with neural communication from sympathetic as well as the parasympathetic nervous systems. There is an interaction between autinomic and somatic nervous systems to exert volunary control over the lower urinary tract.
22-The PMC is responsible for sending impulse to motor neurons in Onuf's nucleus, and axons from these neurons travel in the pudendal nerve ,thereby stimulating the rhabdosphincter to contract whereas the action of acetylcholine along with ATO triggers micturition.
23- Irregularity in the pattern of urination, pain or discomfiture in the lower part of abdomen, recurrent UTI, polycythemia, hematuria, and bloating of the lower abdomen.
24-Presence of blood in urine, agony while urinating, pain in the pelvic, back pain, and frequent urination are the most common clinical manifestations. Expsoure to chemicals, irritation in the lining of the bladder, parasitic infections,and smoking are the risk factors.
25- Stress incontinence: Leaking of urine due to the weakening of pelvic floor muscles and tissues.
Urge incontinence: Also known as overactive bladder is due to the damage of the nerves as well as mucles of the bladder.
Overflow incontinence: Inability to clear the bladder due to weak muscles, nerve damage, or even constipation.
26- A neurogenic bladder dysfunction is classified under 2 classes and both associated with spinal cord injury- spastic bladder where the injury is above the T12 level whereas in flaccid bladder it is below T12 level.
References
1. Dr Ashgar, R, A. (2014). Chronic renel failure. Rawalpindi medical college.
2. Elsamra, S, E., & Ellsworth, P. (2012). Effects of Analgesic and Anesthetic Medications on Lower Urinary Tract Function. Urol Nurs., 32(2), 60-67.
3. Policastro, M, A. (2016). Urinary Obstruction. Drugs and diseases.
4. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bladder-cancer/symptoms-causes/dxc-20308750
5. http://www.webmd.com/urinary-incontinence-oab/types-of-urinary-incontinence#1
6. http://virtuallabs.stanford.edu/vacg/bladder/how-does-sci-affect-the-urinary-system/s/index.html
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